Challenges/Threats to National Security Turkey

Introduction The current civil conflict in Syria that continues to upsurge every day is damaging the good relationship between Turkey and Syria. It is terminating the impressive bond between the Turkey’s ruling party, Adelet ve KalkÄ ±nma Partisi (AKP), and the al-Assad’s government that has existed for almost a decade.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges/Threats to National Security: Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Turkey’s Prime Minister in cooperation with the Foreign Minister ostracised their previous associate and backed the insurgents, as a way of preventing the revolt from infiltrating into Turkey. This move has led to an upsurge of refugees, military rebels, and opposition leaders, who are deserting the tyrannical authority, into Turkey. Turkey has not only declared its support for the insurgents, but also promised a military intervention if the government continues wi th its violent suppression. Turkish government has lauded support for the revolutionists stating that Syria will greatly benefit from the resistance. Syrian government has disregarded the threats raising the question if these events will prompt Turkey to cease its â€Å"soft power† and initiate hard power as a way of protecting its southern border. From Compulsion to Stabilisation History reveals that Turkey utilised mechanisms of hard power towards Syria when Syria backed the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) thirty years ago. In an attempt to terminate Damascus sponsorship for the military rebels that Ankara had been unable to conquer for years, the Turkish government implemented pressure tactics against Syria on not less than three incidents in the 1980s, as well as 1990s (Bishku 36-53). In the late 1980s, the Turkish government took advantage of the influence they had over the headwaters of Euphrates as well as Tigris to snip a chip on Syria. The anticipation was that Damascus would run out of options and withdraw its support for the PKK because Turkey had fortified its shares on the regional rivers. However, this strategy botched as Syria continued supporting the group. Later in 1992, Turkey applied a second pressure strategy that was also unsuccessful when Ankara ignored retaliation threats on Syria if it continued sheltering PKK. The coercion ultimately inspired a temporary agreement when Damascus decided to remove PKK fighters from Helwe drill site.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the leaders of Turkey did not react when Syria allowed PKK to launch a site where 1000 insurgents were drilled in 1993. Turkey also failed in its third effort, when it had to stop its battle with Syria because of the unpredicted outbreak of conflict with Greece (Bishku 36-53). The defining moment came in the fourth effort of Ankara in 1998 when Washington, Tehran, and Cairo supported them. The Turkish government hinted that it would use compulsion in case Damascus refused to comply and continue backing terrorist activities. Ankara established a diplomatic invasive as well as martial campaign to support its coercions (Damla 41-50). These tactics in line with the strong support from Washington enabled Turkey to succeed eventually. Ankara signed the Adana agreement, which that stated, â€Å"PKK training camps in Damascus would be closed and Ãâ€"calan was prohibited from residing in Syria† (Ãâ€"zlem 165). Furthermore, mechanisms to check if Syria observed the agreement’s demands were established. PKK was defeated and the relationship between Syria and Turkey strengthened once again. The economic association between Ankara and Damascus was also re-energised as Turkey and Syria signed a free trade accord, which was to remove the custom taxes (Ãâ€"zlem 163-175). The AKP’s â€Å"Soft Power† Tactic A lthough the early Turkish leaders in the 1990s always aimed at perfecting the link between Syria and Turkey, AKP tried to utilise every available opportunity to improve the relationship between the two countries from 2002. The AKP government proposed a remarkable role for Turkey in the Middle East. AKP agreed that, for them to achieve this goal, they had to acquire elements of â€Å"soft power† in trading, sharing of customs, diplomatic actions, as well as religious kinship whilst refraining from compulsive tactics (Damla 41-50). The soft power approach was exemplified by the then Foreign Minister who stated that Turkey should have a zero conflict policy with its neighbours because of its central location in Afro-Eurasia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges/Threats to National Security: Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This geostrategic position would enable Turkey to become a core continent al or even global actor if it maintained good relations with its closest neighbours. AKP’s achievement in establishing good links with Syria as well other Middle East nations hinged firmly on economic and political benefits (Idrees 87-99). AKP decided to use its traditional as well as religious connections with Levant as an instrument of soft power. Since AKP is an Islamic inspired party, it believes that Turkey should be a typical example of justice, equality, as well as economic success witnessed during the Ottoman period. This doctrine has encouraged it to accomplish its goals in the Middle East. In attempt to advance Turkish authority in Middle East, AKP got unforeseen backing from its entertainment industry. Over forty Turkish films have been aired in the Arab countries and they help educate the constituents of Arab world understand how Muslim societies can live liberally (Bishku 36-53). The AKP administration has improved the bilateral relations introduced by the previo us regimes. The Strategic Cooperation Council, which is made of ministers from both Syria and Turkey, held meetings in 2009 to improve the bilateral links. The efforts to perfect the bilateral relations got strong support from a group of organisations, which include investors and company representatives (Saban 5-7). Consequently, the trade volume between Syria and Turkey escalated from $824.1 million to $1.84 billion in 2010, and they anticipated that the amount will rise to $5 billion by the end of 2012 (Bishku 36-53). The boosted relationship between the two countries spread to other states in Middle East, which inspired Bashar al-Assad to request Ankara to intercede in the convert talks between Syria and Israel in 2007. Lebanon also sought the assistance Ankara to help them persuade Damascus and Tehran to stop their diplomatically destabilising tactics towards Lebanon. These incidents disclosed the significant role that Turkey was playing in resolving clashes in the Middle East ( Idrees 87-99).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, Ankara sided with Damascus in several occasions instead of Washington, hence affecting the relationship between the United States and Turkey (Jim 12). For instance, the Turkish tactical interests concurred with those of Syria in several scenarios during Iraq incursion in 2003. The bond between the two countries became even stronger when Assad visited ErdoÄŸan in Turkey. This visit was remarkable because sixty-eight years had passed since the last president of Syria visited Turkey (Saban 5-7). The relationship between the two counties appeared to have a bright future if not for the Arab revolts that began in 2011. Although the soft power applied by AKP was successful in several incidences, it could not control the Syrian regime as it had anticipated and especially during the revolt. The relationship between Syria began to decline at the onset of the revolution (Damla 41-50). Turkey believed that its close rapport with Syria would help convince Assad to stop torturing t he rebels. However, Syria was not prepared to solve its conflict through reforms and instead continued with its brutality. These events prompted ErdoÄŸan to support the rebels (Karen 26-32). Whilst the mutual rapport between Turkey and Syria is deteriorating, a close relationship between the U.S. and Turkey is developing. Turkey has been holding consistent talks with the U.S. intended to resolve the Syrian conflict. The two governments have agreed to use compulsion against Syria. Turkey has recently threatened to impose sanctions against Syria (Karen 26-32). Syria has also retorted asserting that it might re-introduce PKK. Ankara has also displayed its direct support for the militants by establishing camps, which shelter fleeing army officers and refugees. Allegations indicate that AKP has withdrawn its support for Assad because of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood (SMB). SMB has promised to adopt Turkish governance policies after assuming power. Turkey sees this indication as a good oppo rtunity to perfect its relations with the country (Idrees 87-99). Conclusion Though the ongoing revolts have negatively affected Turkey-Syria relations, Turkey still has a regional authority in the Middle East. Clearly, the conflict in Syria is having both positive and negative impact in Turkey’s association with states, both regionally and internationally. The revolts in the Middle East as well as the autocratic nature of the Arab potentates make it inappropriate to employ soft power. It is time Turkey in cooperation with foreign forces applied hard power, which was successful three decades ago, to oust the tyrants and restore peace in Syria. Works Cited Bishku, Michael. â€Å"Turkish-Syrian Relations: A Checkered History.† Middle East  Policy 19.3 (2012): 36-53. Print. Damla, Aras. â€Å"Turkish-Syrian Relations Go Downhill.† Middle East Quarterly 19.2 (2012): 41-50. Print. Jim, Zanotti. Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations, 2012. Web. https://www.state.gov / Idrees, Mohammed. â€Å"Turkey and Iran Rivalry on Syria: Alternatives.† Turkish Journal of International Relations 10.1 (2011): 87-99. Print. Karen, Kaya. â€Å"Turkey and the Arab Spring.† Military Review 92.4 (2012): 26-32. Print Ãâ€"zlem, Tà ¼r. â€Å"Turkish-Syrian Relations – Where Are We Going?† UNISCI Discussion  Papers 23 (2010): 163-175. Print. Saban, Kardas. â€Å"Syrian Uprising Tests Turkey’s Middle East Policy.† Eurasia Daily  Monitor 8.90 (2011): 5-7. Print. This essay on Challenges/Threats to National Security: Turkey was written and submitted by user Neil T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Role of The Manager

Role of The Manager A manager's role is to lead his/her organization to a clearly stated objective ( Mission Statement ). In doing so he/she must channel all his resources in a precise and organized way to work toward those goalsThe meaning of the word 'Manager' or 'Management'A Manager is a person with administrative power or controli.e.: manager of an actor or Manager of an international football team.A Manager is a person who gets people to do what is wanted, when it'swanted, the way it's wanted because THEY want to do it ( Evans ). This basically indicates the skill of getting people 'willingly' do designated work/tasks.A Manager is the supervisor of people/employees.A Manager is a person whose job it is to identify restrictions on their output and remove them in order to get the task in hand done more efficiently.Ensures that work standards are applied e.g.:Global Project Manager travleinga Production Line.A Manager is an individual that has any role in an organisation whereThe occupant is authoris ed to get part of his/her work done through subordinates for whose work he/she remains wholly responsible for ( Evans )A Manger is a person who manages a business or organisationor institution.Management is the process of getting things done efficiently and effectively, through and with other people. Efficiently is doing the given tasks right and to the correct and expected standards - inputs and outputs. Effectively means doing the correct tasks and achieving the desired results/goals.Management is the act, manner or the practice of managing and controlling something i.e.: business, budgets, and people.Management is the process of achieving objectives within a changing environment by having the correct balance of efficiency and effectiveness. It is also being able to obtain the most from available...

When DIY Bites You in the Butt

When DIY Bites You in the Butt We are an industrious lot. We want to know how someone did what he did successfully, so we can do it, too . . . or do it better. Or do it ourselves instead of buying the other guys product. Or do it ourselves to save money . . . or to maintain creativity as our own instead of splitting its ownership. Its called DIY, or do-it-yourself, and we cant stand not to try doing it ourselves if it means more benefits for us. I love to bake. I hate recipes that have boxed mixes or tell me to save time As writers, we fight that battle uphill to publish a book. How hard can it be to format that manuscript in Word? How difficult can a cover be? Surely I can learn how to upload books. We read directions, study what others have done, then grit our teeth, determined to do it ourselves. Then invariably, after weve erred, redone and cursed our mistakes, we reach a point where we ask ourselves and our friends: It doesnt look bad for me doing it myself, does it? And right there youve compromised your storys future. Youve cobbled together what others do for a living. Youve decided to settle for less than professional. You think others wont notice, because they havent learned what youve learned, and tried what youve tried. When youve poured your soul into writing, you need to equally pour your soul into its proper publication. You have two choices when doing anything in life: 1) Take the time to become an expert at it, or 2) Hire the expert. Just know that anything in between is settling. When it comes to baking a cake, Ill settle for my Milky Way Cake from scratch. Its meant to be rustic, gooey and not exactly straight around the edges. But when I need a cake for someones 50th anniversary, believe me, Im hiring someone wholl give me the presentation needed to respect the grand auspiciousness of the occasion.

Module title Construction of race in polotics Essay

Module title Construction of race in polotics - Essay Example because all the really big questions had been settled."1 Fukuyama concludes that this does not "mean that the natural cycle of birth, life, death would end, that important events would no longer happen," but rather, "that there would be no further progress in the development of underlying principles and institutions, because all the really big questions had been settled."2 Samuel B Huntington responded that the really biggest question had yet to be debated. â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations† is the issue that will be the big question in the future. Huntington asserts that,â€Å"the great. divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural.† He acknowledges that â€Å"nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs,† but in future their conflicts will â€Å"occur between nations and groups of civilizations†. Following from these assumptions he concludes that â€Å"the fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.†3 Fukuyama took the very narrow view that the end of the struggle between between capitalism/liberal-democracy and communism/command economy was over with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and that that was the defining conflict of the evolution of human society. It is either a hyperbolic or a foolish suggestion. Huntington proposes that the epic struggle of the twentieth century has imply been displaced by this centurys theme, the clash and conflict between rival cultures. â€Å"A civilization is a cultural entity, â€Å" Huntington writes.4 It is a meta-entity, â€Å"the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species.†5 The taxonomy of civilizations takes into consideration history, language, culture, tradition and, most important, religion. Huntington also points out that there is an objective and a subjective aspect to civilizations. The objective elements of society are the five

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE - Assignment Example There are two primary conditions that are significantly associated with the situation in which the heart fails. They include systolic heart and diastolic heart failure (UCSF Medical Center 2015). Moreover, CHF is said to be a condition that occurs gradually and may take the time to be noticed. A reflection on CHF will help in understanding the signs and symptoms, as well as staging. The staging will focus on New York Heart Association (NYHA) classifications as well as the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) risk stages of patients. There are various signs and symptoms of CHF. The first significant sign of the condition is challenges of breathing also known as dyspnea (American Heart Association, 2015). The challenges of breathing are common when one is engaging in any activity. However, it may occur during rest or while sleeping, and it may be sudden to a level of waking ones up (American Heart Association, 2015). Sometimes one may experience challenges of breathing while lying flat. Moreover, one may wake up tired and feel unsettled. All these challenges are associated with the blood returning to the pulmonary veins as the heart is unable to maintain the supply (American Heart Association, 2015). The other major thing is coughing or wheezing that occurs for a long time. It is characterized by the production of white or pink blood-tinged mucus (American Heart Association, 2015). The reason for this characteristic is the presence of fluids in the lung. In addition, their body has excess fluid also known as edem a. The symptom is characterized by swelling mostly in the feet, ankles, legs, as well as weight gain (American Heart Association, 2015). The symptom is caused by retention of fluid in various tissues and also by inability if the kidney to discharge waste. The affected individual also feels tired. Tiredness is evident in all task one carries in a day. The reason for tiredness is the

Introduction Speech Outline Essay Example for Free

Introduction Speech Outline Essay Purpose Statement: To persuade my audience that true personal power is developed through our humane treatment of ourselves and our fellow man. Thesis Statement: To understand personal power, it’s important to look at how we treat ourselves. Are we critical of ourselves? Unforgiving? Do we have low self-esteem or confidence? Attention Getter Overview of main points: â€Å"All suffering is caused by mankind’s great inhumanity to one another. Hello, I am Tonya, and today I am going to talk to you about accountability, responsibility, and change. ARC is the ark of a life that is built upon a stable foundation. I. First main point written in complete sentence When we think of being accountable, we often think of others accountability and not ourselves. Being accountability for our actions and not blaming others is the very first step to developing personal power. Accountability in this instance means being aware that something is wrong or amiss in our lives, and not ignoring it. It’s identifying the problem, or our wrong actions II. Second main point in complete sentence. Responsibility is the second step in the development of personal power, not only do we have to be accountable, we also have to accept responsibility for our thoughts, words, and the subsequent actions that take place as a result of them. Responsibility is accepting the problem or our negative actions and finding productive, efficient, and effective ways to deal with them. III. Third main point in complete sentence. Once we have identified the problem or wrong action, and accepted it, then we are ready for step number three†¦Change. Change. We are changing moment by moment each and every day. We are either changing for the best or for the worst. That’s not what we are speaking about here. When I say â€Å"change†, I am talking about a deliberate action, which will bring about a deliberate manifestation. True change comes about once we make a choice. Conclusion: Accountability, Responsibility, and Change these are the points on which a person can build their pyramid of personal power. If we are willing to be accountable, accept responsibility, and change when necessary, there is nothing that we cannot achieve; and we will be co-creators within the social structures of Life. We will always be a part of the solution, rather than being a part of the problem. Today, I challenge you to apply these three principles to your life and soon you will be living a life full of purpose, and fulfill your call to Greatness. Bibliography Shepherd, Tonya â€Å"Needless Suffering† Accessed May 9, 2014 http://ltbtd.blogspot.com/2014/05/needless-suffering.html

Literature: Tool For The Masses To Grasp And Form Opinions On A Subject :: essays research papers

Literature: Tool For The Masses to Grasp and Form Opinions on A Subject Over the centuries, one of the most important tools available to protesting groups was literature. Some of the most famous protest literature in the world has its roots in American history. For example, some great American authors of protest literature include Thomas Paine, Thomas Nast, John C. Calhoun, and Martin Luther King. Through eloquent, sometimes subtle means, these authors became the spokesmen for their particular protest movements. Thomas Paine was an English-born man who seemed to stir controversy wherever he traveled. Paine's forceful yet eloquent prose made him a hero for the three great causes to which he devoted his life; the American Revolution, religious reform, and the natural rights of man. At the age of 37, Paine strove for the fabled shores of America, determined to forget his past. He made the acquaintance of Benjamin Franklin, and settled in Philadelphia. There, Paine was eventually hired into the profession of editor for the Pennsylvania Magazine. He published a series of minor essays, but his first important work was an essay written for the Pennsylvania Journal in which Paine openly denounced slavery. This was Paine's first foray into the world of protest literature, and it clearly whet his appetite. Paine soon became fascinated with the ongoing hostility in Anglo-American relations, and, much to the dismay of his publisher, could not seem to think of anything but. Therefore, in late 1775, Paine had begun what was to become a 50-page Pamphlet known as Common Sense. In this work, Paine stated that: Society in every state is a blessing, but Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one: for when we suffer, or are exposed to the same miseries by a Government, which we might expect in a country without Government, our calamity is heightened by reflecting that we furnish the means by which we suffer. Government, like dress, is the badge of lost innocence; the palaces of kings are built upon the ruins of the bowers of paradise (Fast 6). This very biting and controversial stance is what characterized Paine's writing. He went on to dismiss the King as a fool, and stated that natural ability is not necessarily related to heredity. Paine argued that the colonies existed only for British profit, and that the colonies must unite quickly if they were ever to form a single nation. This latter argument was more than likely influenced by Franklin's famous "Join or Die" cartoon. Finally, Paine argued that the only way to gain the rights desired by the colonists and help from outside powers was