The Chinese Culture

The dictionary defines â€Å"culture† as â€Å"the behavior and beliefs characteristics of a  particular social, ethnic, or age group† China has about five thousand years history which is a very long period of time. Also, the Chinese civilization was growing with these periods of time and it will continues greater than ever. Many wars and unhappinesses were happening during this period. The Chinese culture has many special characteristics which are very interesting for people to learn. The family life is very important for every Chinese.Chinese families are very close-knit. Children tend to stay with their parents even after they get married and have children of their own, so that you often see three or four generations living under the same roof. Each member of the family help each other when there is any problem The Chinese culture has many special characteristics which are  Ã‚  very interesting for   people to learn,  and delicious food to try. Some types of common Chinese food are rice, noodles, soup. The  Ã‚   Chinese people are known for their unusual eating method using â€Å"two chopsticks†.The  tradition of  chopsticks was introduced to many other countries in the world such as  Ã‚  Vietnam, North Korea, and  South Korea. As for many Asian families , Chinese people   eat dinner  all  together at one table, They try to put the meal in the centre of the table and other serving stuff informt of the people. If this is an official dinner with guests, all the places on the table can be   fulled with plates. If this a dinner with the family guys, only the minimum part of the table is used. Their most popular food is   white rice and they mostly like fish and sea foods.The people also like  eggs, fish, fruit, and shellfish.. Vegetables, especially  cabbage and Tofu rank second in Chinese diet. Roasted sweet potatoes are a popular snack Tea is the traditional Chinese beverage. Breakfast in China may be rice p orridge, chicken noodle soup, or deep fried pastries that  taste like donuts. In China the people's favorite lunch time foods include eggrolls, and  dumplings filled with meat or shrimps. A typical Chinese dinner includes vegetables with bits of meat or seafood, soup, and rice and noodles.In China most Chinese dishes are served in a boiling soup to keep the contents hot for longer, Chinese cuisine and culturel behaving can be   very very intresting chapter for us. That’s why people are trying to visit China and feel the difference of their cultures.. This is a very short time to summerize a very old culture in 1 hour but these Chinese different foods must have been tasted by everybody once in a life. That’s why Chinese restaurants are always crowded all over the World.

Fast food †Ice cream Essay

Almost everyone enjoys to eating fast food because it is cheap. Many people these days prefer to eat food that makes their food fast and also they do not have to spend more than five dollars. This nation is surrounded with fast food restaurants and there is no one way people can miss one down their street and in every mall. I work at the mall and I tend to eat fast food since it is the only thing near me. My three favorite fast food restaurants which are Wendy’s, Dairy Queen and Steak –n- Shake. One of my favorite fast food restaurants is Wendy’s. When I was in high school at the beginning of my senior year I worked at Wendy’s and of course I ate their food since I had a fifty percent discount so the food was really cheap. I always craved the spicy chicken nuggets with sweet and sour dipping sauce. Ever since I worked there I know how each dipping sauce taste when I always ordered the spicy chicken nuggets. I love the honey, barbeque, honey mustard, ranch and of course my favorite sweet and sour sauce. I also loved how my manager prepared the sweet tea because it was not too sweet and actually tasted like homemade sweet tea. I am a fanatic of sweet tea and pretty much have tried it at every fast food restaurant I have eaten at. Also I love to enjoy my combos with a dessert. I usually get a small chocolate frosty. I love the taste of it because it reminds me of chocolate milk. Also because it is very creamy and sweet this is a great combination for dessert. These are all the many favorite things I love to eat at Wendy’s. My second favorite fast food restaurant is Dairy Queen. They have the best desserts there such as the blizzards, the sundaes, banana splits, their famous waffle cone ice creams and the DQ ice cream sandwich. I always tend to eat the ice cream cones because I do not have to spend that much money the cones cost one dollar depending on the size. When I am at my aunt apartments my cousins and I always walk to Dairy Queen since it is not too far from the apartment just three to five minutes walking. We go there every time when we are hungry or we just go there to talk and eat some food. It also provides free internet which is great to check Facebook or our emails. Also it has a great video game player for when we bring our little sister and cousins so they will not get bored. Another reason I love eating at dairy queen is their chili cheese fried burritos. They are so delicious and juicy especially when they put the chili all over it and sprinkle some shredded cheddar cheese. I love to eat at Dairy Queen. My third favorite fast food restaurant is Steak-n-Shake. I always wish Mesquite had one but they do not so I have to drive all the way to Rockwall to go to Steak-n-Shake which is 20 to 30 minutes from my home. I love it there especially there juicy Cheddar Cheese Steak Burger combo which is good money spent because it is only $4. 99. I love how the food is very affordable and of great quality. I also love to get their famous milkshakes. My all-time favorite is the chocolate chip cookie dough. It has chunks of cookie dough mixed with tasty creamy vanilla ice cream. This fast food restaurant is not like not ordinary fast food place because it provides waiters and it provides amazing fast food service. It usually takes 5 to 10 minutes to have my food ready which overall is great. I never get tired of going to Steak-n-Shake because of its great quality of food and service. Fast food may not be good for us at times but it is delicious. All three of these fast food restaurants Wendy’s, Dairy Queen, and Steak-n-Shake are my favorite because reasons I enjoy eating their food. They all provide great quality of food, fast service and cheap prices. I enjoy these fast food restaurants.

Accounting Theory and Critical Issues

The following assignment examines the annual report of Common wealth Bank Australia in the context of adhering to the General purpose Financial Accounting. Commonwealth Bank Australia has been chosen as an ASX top hundred-listed corporation. The assignment evaluates the effectiveness of business entities in strictly adhering to the framework as well as the guidelines of the conceptual framework of accounting. In this regard, it can be said that there has been issues as per the assessment as well as the registering of financial transactions in the year ended annual report of the company. As such, this has an adverse effect on the procedure of the financial reports towards the stakeholders of the organization. Zimmerman (2013) stated that the general-purpose financial recording should develop the necessary guideline, to help the business entities to maintain authenticity and transparency in the financial accounts of the business entity. The business entity has been operating in many co untries and constitutes of a substantial market share in the international market. According to Groot and Selto (2013), the general purpose financial accounting offers a unified guideline that can be applicable to all the globally reputed companies in the Australian market. The Commonwealth Bank Australia has been making efforts to adhere to the General Purpose financial accounting in the market. According to Hassard and Pym (2012), the brand has faced issues recently in recording as well as measuring the transactions in the domestic and the international market. The Commonwealth Bank Australia is a multinational business organization that operates in many countries. The brand has taken many transfer pricing measures as per the taxation laws and guideline of the particular country. The conceptual framework in the business organization shall consist of the qualitative characteristics as well as recognition and the de-recognition criteria of the general-purpose financial accounting of the organization. The study also evaluates the accounting measures like IAS 11 and and its role in assisting the business entity in adhering to the conceptual framework in the context of the General Purpose financial Accounting. Despite of the best efforts of the management of the business enterprise in adhering to the General Purpose financial Accounting of the organization, there has been existing consistencies and issues related to the recording and the assessment of the financial transactions. Fiolleau et al. (2013) stated that these financial irregularities can be overcome by implementing rigid auditing measures in the business organization that shall facilitate organizational growth in the business entity. The following attributes of the financial data provided by Commonwealth Bank Australia in the context of the General Purpose Financial Accounting can be noted. Relevance- The annual report of Commonwealth Bank Australia offers the relevant importance to the business enterprise. The report contains all the necessary details so as to assist the management of the business entity in developing the appropriate financial as well as the operating policies for a business entity. Jones (2015) stated that the accounting principles of the business enterprise shall have to offer the in-depth financial details about the necessary financial details about the business enterprise. As such , the annual report and the year ended financial statements of the business enterprise shall be considered as relevant in the existing global market. Material - The information can be considered as material if omitting it can lead to adverse financial decisions for the business enterprise. The company follows the principle of materiality to influence financial decisions for the business entity. As such, it can be said that the management of the business enterprise has considered every financial data that can have an impact on the financial decision making as well as sustainability of the business entity. in this regard , it can be stated that the management of the business enterprise has to take appropriate financial decisions regarding the preparation of the financial statements of the business entity . In this regard , it can be stated that the uniform quantitative guidelines for the establishment of the financial policies for the enhancement of the financial policies as well as the goals and the objectives of the business entity . Comparability - The financial statements established by the business enterprise can facilitate comparison between the two different years. As such, the brand has the ability to determine the operational as well as the financial policies of the business enterprise shall facilitate comparison between the two different years. As such, the management of the business entity can be able to take the necessary financial measures to overcome the organizational threats of the business entity. Bonin (2013) mentioned that comparability is one qualitative attributes that shall assist the users to assess the general financial state of a business enterprise. Thus. it can be stated that there are users shall be able to compare the general financial position of the business entity with the previous years and respond appropriately for organizational growth and sustainability in the domestic and the international market. Verifiability- The concept of verifiability would assist users in representing the economic condition of the existing business entity. Lee and Parker (2013) mentioned that the attribute of verifiability shall enable the users to verify the financial information of the business entity. In this regard , it can be stated that the financial data provided on the annual report has been verified in the context of the current year. Timeliness- The concept of Timeliness relates to having prior information to the decisions-makers of the business entity that shall help the business entity in making appropriate business as well as financial decisions. An in-depth analysis of the financial statements is presented in the business entity. Therefore, this shall assist the business enterprise in making authentic financial statements of Commonwealth Bank, Australia. As such, the timeliness of the financial statements is an essential attribute of towards establishing of the financial strategies as well as the policies of the business entity. Understandability- The concept of understandability refer to presenting the information in a simplistic manner to help users in making informed financial decisions for the business entity. According to Fiolleau et al. (2013), the management of the Commonwealth Bank , Australia has presented the accounting statements in a simplified manner so that it can be easily understood by the users. The concept of understandability is evaluated in the annual report of   Commonwealth   Bank, Australia . As such, the data presented in the annual financial statements of the business entity is simple to understand yet in-depth in details . As such, the understandability is a definite characteristic of the management of the business entity. These attributes has been essential for the business enterprise in the implementation of effective financial policies. For the purpose of measurement in accounting, the fair value of accounting is used to assess the assets and the liabilities of the organization as per the organizational goals and the objectives. In this regard, it can be stated that the fair value of measurement in accounting can be used in determining the actual worth of the assets and the liabilities in the business organization. Commonwealth Bank, Australia has been able to assess the existing liabilities as well as the assets of the organization as per the existing market condition in the domestic as well as the International market. According to Deegan (2013), the fair value accounting in the business entity has been an influencing factors   in determining the exact financial position of a business entity. The fair value accounting of the business entity   asists the business   organization to make effective   financial strategies   of   the business   entity. Therefore, the value of the assets would be ascertaine d as per their current market value.   The recognition criteria refer to the factors on which the identification of assets and the liabilities depends, in the context of Commonwealth Bank, Australia. The Commonwealth Bank , Australia has been recognized the asset as well as the liability of the business entity in, changes in equity as well as the expenses of the business enterprise facilitating authenticity and transparency in the annual financial statements of the business enterprise. Therefore, it shall assist the business enterprise in enhancing the cost of the organization as well as enhancing the changes in the business organization. In the recognition criteria, the probability in the inflow or the outflow of cash in the business organization for a particular period of time shall have to be analyzed in the attainment of the organizational goals and the objectives of the business enterprise. Miller and Power (2013) stated that the following two existing standards - IAS 1 Presentation of the Financial Statements and IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting estimates and errors have assisted Common Wealth Bank Australia in adhering to the conceptual framework of the general-purpose financial accounting. These policies in the business entity shall help the business entity to strictly adhere to the general-purpose financial accounting and prepare detailed financial reports for the business enterprise. According to Freeman et al. (2014) the IAS 1 develops the basis of the financial statements in the year –ended annual reports of the entity . These accounting statements provide the faithful representation of the transactions as well as events and conditions of the business entity. The existing inconsistencies in the existing conceptual framework shall have to be eliminated by the IAS 18 accounting standards. According to Deegan (2012), the framework states that the asset and the liabilities of the organization shall have to be recognized through the expected future benefits of the organization. In the recent years, the brand has faced discrepancies in the recording as well as the assessment of the financial transactions of the business entity. In addition, the brand has developed the necessary measures to overcome the existing discrepancies and facilitate the development of the financial policies of the business entity. The Common Wealth Bank, Australia has implemented effective internal accounting policies of the business organization. Auditing has been a pertinent accounting tool for the business entity in frequent monitoring of the financial statements in the business entity. This has ensured that the financial statements in the annual reports of the busine ss organization shall reflect the existing financial position of the business organization. Bonin (2013) stated that internal auditing is an effective part of the general-purpose financial accounting of the business organization. Therefore, the existing inconsistencies in the annual reports of the organization would have to be assessed through the internal control measures in the organization. As per the conceptual framework in the General Purpose Financial Accounting the assets and the liabilities of the organization would be recognized if the future economic benefits comes or flow out of the organization. In this regard, it can be stated that the IASB emphasis uniforms academic guidelines and the policies of the business entity. As such, the management of the business entity has been responding appropriately in overcoming any discrepancies or threats for the business entity. As such, this has assisted the business entity to strictly adhere to the conceptual framework of the business entity. Horngren et al. (2013) mentioned that financial reporting refers to development of the external financial statements consisting of balance sheet, statement of cash flows and the stockholders equity and the notes to the financial statements present in the annual report of the organization. Thus, it can be said that the stakeholders of the business organization has to receive updated financial information about the business entity. As such, this shall assist the investors to acquire the necessary financial data and make informed investment and financial decisions for the business entity. The financial reporting is an essential aspect of the operational as well as the financial decisions of the business. As such, the business entity has been making pertinent efforts in adhering to the conceptual framework of the General Purpose Financial Accounting. According to Bebbington et al. (2014), the business entity has to make the necessary measures in the development of the goals and the objec tives of the business entity. Henderson et al. (2015) stated that the business entity has taken measures in the recognition of the intangible assets of the organization. In this regard, it can be stated that the management of the business organization has also recognized bad debt as well as the provision of bad debt in the organization. In addition, the recognition of revenue expenses in the business entity is another pertinent part of the General Purpose Financial Accounting in the business organization. The financial reporting deals in the disclosure of the financial data to the management as well as the public. According to Christensen et al. (2016), the financial reporting can have to be issued in the quarterly as well as the monthly basis. As such, the Commonwealth Bank Australia has been reporting to the existing shareholders of the business organization through the strict financial reporting guidelines. Horngren et al. (2013) stated that the security and the exchange commission (SEC) in the business enterprise is an essential part of the financial reporting policies of the business entity. As per the guidelines of the general Purpose financial accounting, the shareholders, potential investors and the consumers and the government of the business organization are the parties that shall benefit from financial re porting .Thus, Commonwealth Bank, Australia adheres to the General Purpose financial accounting in developing the organizational policies and strategies. It can be said that Commonwealth Bank Australia has taken pertinent efforts in adhering to the conceptual Framework in the General Purpose Financial Accounting. The brand has taken measures in the establishment of operational and financial strategies for Commonwealth Bank Australia. However, the internal auditing is an effective tool for the business entity in assessing the financial situation of the business enterprise and recognizing the existing discrepancies in the financial system of business enterprise. The Commonwealth Bank, Australia has been adhering to the general-purpose financial accounting and measure the equity, asset, liability and income as well as the revenues of the organization. The brand strictly adheres to the conceptual framework in the context of the reporting of the financial statements to the business entity. The Commonwealth Bank, Australia conducts financial reporting in quarterly or on a annual basis The recognition criteria refer to the recognition of the assets and liability of the organization that result in the inflow and outflow of the revenue in the organization. The fair value of accounting in the business entity relates to the assessment of the assets as per their existing market value. The Commonwealth Bank, Australia has been in a strong financial position in the recent years. The data extracted from the financial annual reports relates to the measurement of the assets, liabilities as well as the income and the recognition of the incomes and the revenue of the organization and indicates the financial strength of the entity when compared to the substitute brands in the market. In the coming years it can be expected that the business entity shall acquire a greater market share in the domestic and global market. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014. Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Bonin, H., 2013. Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science & Business Media. Bonin, H., 2013. Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science & Business Media. Christensen, H.B., Nikolaev, V.V. and Wittenbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Moerman, R., 2016. Accounting information in financial contracting: The incomplete contract theory perspective. Journal of Accounting Research, 54(2), pp.397-435. Commbank 2016 Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/content/dam/commbank/about-us/shareholders/pdfs/annual-reports/cba-annual-report-30%20June-2015.pdf [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Cortesi, A., Tettamanzi, P., Scaccabarozzi, U., Spertini, I. and Castoldi, S., 2015. Advanced Financial Accounting: Financial Statement Analysis–Accounting Issues–Group Accounts. EGEA spa. Deegan, C. (2013). Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C., 2012. Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DRURY, C.M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F., 2013. Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Fiolleau, K.J., Hoang, K.J. and Pomeroy, B., 2013. Communications with Audit Committees: How Do Auditors Decide How Much Information to Provide about Management’s Accounting Practices?. Freeman, R.J., Shoulders, C.D., Allison, G.S., Smith Jr, G.R. and Becker, C.J., 2014. Governmental and nonprofit accounting: theory and practice.JJpaejournal Of Public Affairs Education Volume 20 Number 3, p.441. Groot, T. and Selto, F., 2013. Advanced management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Harrison, J.S. and Van der Laan Smith, J., 2015. Responsible accounting for stakeholders. Journal of Management Studies, 52(7), pp.935-960. Hassard, J. and Pym, D. eds., 2012. The theory and philosophy of organizations: critical issues and new perspectives. Routledge. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015. Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Jones, S. ed., 2015. The routledge companion to financial accounting theory. Routledge. Lee, T.A. and Parker, R.H., 2013. Towards a Theory and Practice of Cash Flow Accounting (RLE Accounting) (Vol. 50). Routledge. Miller, P. and Power, M., 2013. Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory. The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), pp.557-605. Zimmerman, J.L., 2013. Myth: External financial reporting quality has a first-order effect on firm value. Accounting Horizons, 27(4), pp.887-894.

Taj Mahal - An Artist's view Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Taj Mahal - An Artist's view - Research Paper Example The Taj Mahal is considered a symbol of love, an architectural marvel, and as a symbol of the Mughal Empire. It has found expression in the poetry and art of numerous poets and artists. The Noble laureate Rabindranath Tagore has described it â€Å"like a solitary tear suspended on the cheek of time†. The Taj Mahal is India’s foremost tourist’s destination. The Taj Mahal was constructed in a span of 16 years (1632-1648 AD), employing about 20,000 workers, in an area of 17 hectares. After the construction of Taj Mahal was over other buildings and structures of the complex such as the mosque, the mosque’s replica, main gate and the garden were developed. When the Taj Mahal was built it had a flowing river Yamuna passing through its foot. But, now, the Taj stands near the Yamuna which is polluted and has shrunk to some extent. The Taj building now shows some signs of ageing, but it still stands out as a magnificent building with its original beauty and grandeur. Looking at Taj Mahal from a long distance across the Yamuna River, the Taj appears as a distinct structure in a crowded city. The first view of Taj from outside gives the impression of a white structure that is delicate, superfine, not of this world, an exquisite beauty, and eternal. There is a feeling, if this large structure that it is, really true and existing! All other structures available in the Taj complex are supportive, are in line with the bilateral symmetry and style, so the entire complex merges into oneness. The Taj complex is spread in the vast area of sprawling Mughal Garden of nearly 17 hectares, surrounded by high security wall built around it with four entrances. The main gate is situated in the southern side of the complex. With the southern main gate as a reference point, the Taj is located in the north of the garden, and further to the north is the river Yamuna. The placement of Taj Mahal in the north of the garden, instead of the center, gives

Industrial Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Industrial Revolution - Essay Example d politics, thereby stimulating varied other disempowered and marginalized sections of the society to strive for empowerment and a fair share in the national income. Capital emerged as the pivotal factor of production. This led to a greater polarization of opinion on both sides that are the labor and the capitalists, thereby both sections getting more organized and politicized. One negative thing about Industrial Revolution was that it envisaged earth as an external resource to serve as a fodder for the industrial engine of growth. In the long run it not only resulted in an irreversible depletion of natural resources and the commensurate pollution, but led to the contemporary challenges like global warming. There is no denying the fact that the map set by Industrial Revolution is not absolutely relevant in the current times marked by the emergence of new priorities like sustainable development and corporate social

Non Profit Taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Non Profit Taxes - Essay Example Non-profit organizations do not operate to bring about profit, a characteristic widely deemed to be the crucial aspect of such organizations. Still, a non-profit organization can accept, hold and pay out money and other items of value. Non-profit organizations may also legally and morally trade at a profit. The degree to which it can produce income may be constrained, and the use of those profits is doubtless restricted. Therefore, nonprofits are characteristically funded by donations from the public or private sector, and generally have tax exempt status. Private donations are sometimes tax deductible. In several countries, non-profit organizations may apply for tax exempt status. This allows financial donors to claim back any income tax paid on donations and, furthermore, the organization itself can be exempt from income tax. In the United States, Tacoma Washington included, following a recognized legal entity that has been created at the state level, it is traditional for the non-profit organizations to ask for tax exempt status with respect to income tax. That is achieved by applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The IRS reviews the application to ensure the purpose of the organization. If certain conditions are met then the organization is given the status of a tax exempt organization (example: a charity).

The Case of the Spelunkers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Case of the Spelunkers - Essay Example It is not morally and politically correct for people to act as Gods and decide the fate of another person even when we are in the face of intense pressure. In our case, the fact that the four men were stranded in the middle of nowhere and were in danger of starving to death does not give them the right to vote as who should live and who should die. The fact that Peter, Greg and John connived to give Paul the shortest straw can be considered as an act of discrimination. You see, these three men knew the present circumstances of Paul and apparently, the three of them decided that Paul is the person who is least likely to be missed by his family and his community. The discriminatory treatment against Paul is not only unfair, it is also immoral. Note also that the relationship of the four friends is based on mutual trust and confidence and the act of the three other men of conniving against Paul constitute an act of betrayal. Even if Paul was unemployed and he has not achieved much in li fe that does not mean that he is expendable. We have to understand that every human being should be treated equally regardless of his or her background. On the other hand, based on the facts of our case, Paul did not want to take part in the scheme that Peter, Greg and John hatched is evident. He expressly told his friends that he did not want to take part in the plan of â€Å"sacrificing† someone so that the others could live. Since Paul did not give his express consent to his friends that they could eat him, his friends should never have forced him to sacrifice himself. On the other hand, even if Paul agreed to the plan of Peter, Greg and John, that does not make the plan to kill someone moral or legal. Taking another person’s life constitutes manslaughter or homicide at the very least and such act is punishable under the law. With regards to the reaction of the public, outraged

How has leadership thinking evolved from traditional 'great man' Essay

How has leadership thinking evolved from traditional 'great man' theories to more contemporary theories of leadership - Essay Example The theories do not pursue a firm sequential pattern, although the models may be grouped by era. Leadership has evolved through eras of the Great Man theory, trait theory, behavioral theory, situational theories and contemporary theories. Great men theory suggests that some people were naturally born leaders. Trait theory looks at the elements that are common among famous leaders. Behavioral theories assert that behaviors are the single most characteristic that makes up a leader. Contingency and situational models uphold that the interaction involving leader’s characteristics and conduct and the situation at hand make the leader. Other contemporary theories focus on interpersonal elements that look at followership (Ballus, 2010, para 5). Great man theories/ Trait theories Trait theory was one of the systematic attempts to study leadership in the early 20th century. In the approach, traits of great leaders such as Winston Churchill were studies to determine what makes great lea ders. The theories developed were referred to as ‘great man’ theories as they focused on spotting the innate qualities and characteristics possessed by political, social and military leaders. Prominent leaders’ traits greatly contribute to the trait theory such as Mahatma Gandhi, Bonaparte napoleon and Abraham Lincoln. It was widely believed that people intuitive with these qualities and that simply the â€Å"great† people have them. Some of the traits put forward are such as intelligence, alertness, responsibility, insight, self confidence, sociability, motivation, persistence, initiative, tolerance, cooperativeness and drive. Others are such as cognitive abilities, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and social and emotional intelligence. In the mid 20th century, the trait theory of leadership was questioned on the basis of universality of leadership traits. It was held that no consistent set of traits differentiated leaders from non-leaders i n an assortment of situations. A person with leadership traits in one circumstance may not be a leader in another situation (Daft, 2008, p 22). Behavioral theories The limited ability of traits to forecast effective leadership led researchers to review a person’s behavior rather than personal traits as a means of increasing leadership effectiveness. Behavioral theories proponents believed that leaders may well be identified by what they do rather than what they have. Certain behaviors such as the degree of flexibility, extent of control, concern for task accomplishment and concern for the followers determine the kind of leadership to exercise. For instance, McGregor held that leaders treat subordinates depending on the postulations they hold with regard to what energizes workers. In his theory X, McGregor presents a pessimistic view of workers whilst theory Y presents a fairly optimistic view of human nature. Leaders who subscribe to theory X consider that workers need to be controlled and threatened to make them work, which results in adoption of an autocratic style of leadership. Theory Y style of a leader believes that workers are rational people who consider work as part of everyday life. As such, the leader uses a participative/democratic style of leadership. Leader attributes in behavioral theories morphed from inherent to particular and teachable. Apparently, leadership styles could be learned as behavioral theorists created training programs. Behavioral theor

The Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example The market is therefore stable and still promises to grow. Every product producer and service provider has a unique way of marketing. The uniqueness of the marketing structure therefore promises either a profitable venture or a loss-ridden one. Depo-Provera, medically known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), is a hormone injection that alters the production of estrogen. It therefore prevents a woman from producing ova. The product has been in the market and continues to expand to newer ones across the world (Frey, 1956). Situational analysis The market for contraceptive products continues to grow if not stable. The married, for instance, have an obligation of regulating the number of children they have depending on their financial stability and social preferences. The married form the greatest market shareholders. Because of their obligations, they shop for the most appropriate contraceptive methods. Additionally, the market is also composed of any other mature sexually act ive person within the country. However, the product targets those who have sexual intercourse regularly and is therefore more advisable on the married or commercial sex workers. Currently, there are a number of products in the market that provide similar functions. The most common of these include Nuvaring, another is Intrauterine Device (IUD) while Ortho Evra (patch) together with birth Pills also form part of these. All these and many others have their strengths and weaknesses that make them hold the market shares they currently dominate. As the market continues to grow, Depo-Provera continues to expand its market share which is a clear show of effective marketing strategies by the marketers of the company. Depo-Provera has a number of strengths which it has used as its competitive advantages over the years. Unlike other contraceptives, Depo-Provera is not used daily. A single injection lasts a month. This is a relief to many women who use the daily injections or the daily pills w hich normally tend to have severe bodily reactions. The monthly menstrual flow is a bother to many women; the hormonal injection alters the body making a woman miss her periods for three consecutive months (Abrams & Eugene, 2003). Additionally, the use of the injection is proven to reduce the chances of a woman suffering from ovarian cancer. Some of the used contraceptives normally have side effects some of which are as acute as the contraction of ovarian cancer. The use of Depo-Provera minimizes this risk thereby providing its user with the peace of mind and longevity of use. However, the product, just as any other in the market, presents a number of side effects, which also sum up as its weaknesses. Being a hormone, the injection reduces the thickness of the uterine lining. This results in reduced rates of the monthly bleeding and after a prolonged use, some women experience no bleeding at all. Such occurrence may affect the mental stability of many women who consider it normal fo r a woman to experience the monthly period especially when not using a contraceptive. Women may also after stopping the use of this contraceptive experience an excessive bleeding. This is normally because of the hormonal imbalance which is rectified through medication. The expansion strategy of the product is governed by a

Compulsive Gambling a Lifetime Long Problem Essay

Compulsive Gambling a Lifetime Long Problem - Essay Example While gambling can be a harmless activity for many people, for others it can be a dangerous activity that has the potential to destroy their lives. Compulsive gambling can lead to many problems for the participants and their families, often leading to high levels of stress, the loss of finances and criminal activity. For pathological gamblers, the relaxing activity of gambling has progressed into a more serious and dangerous pastime. People in this position generally lack the ability to control their gambling habits. They are not able to stop gambling, even if they do not have the finances to support their bets. This is the most severe form of gambling and is considered to be a mental disorder. Current estimates place pathological gambling as being five percent of the gambling population .The terms compulsive and problem gambling are also used, often interchangeably, although sometimes problem gambling is also used to refer to other gambling problems that do not fall under the defini tion of pathological .Gambling is traditionally considered an addition, even though it does not have any of the obvious physical signs that most addictions share. Because of this, it is easier for people to hide their addiction, and this makes intervention difficult . There are many different causes of gambling and research has yet to fully determine how these interact with one another. One study examined three characteristics of individuals that could potentially have an effect on likelihood of gambling, these were personality, perceived luck and attitude towards gambling. The authors found that personality traits had a significant influence on the development of problem gambling. These traits included emotional stability, reasoning, openness to change and social boldness although there were many others . Research suggests that the more gambling activities that a person is involved in, such as slots, card gambling and betting on racetracks, the greater change they have of being inv olved in problem gambling . Research has shown a significant link between gambling and crime. Many problem gamblers lose large amounts of money in their bets, and may turn to crime to try and pay their debts, to maintain the appearance of normality or to continue gambling. However, the direction of this interaction is not clear. Gamblers may be more likely to become criminals, or being criminals may make one more likely to gamble . Law has moved away from banning gambling and towards finding methods of regulating it. This includes giving local authorities the ability to act if a location breaches gambling laws. Authorities have the ability to inspect gambling locations, to review licenses and to enforce conditions . This means that the number of locations that gambling can occur is limited, and prevents a boom of gambling and associated gambling problems. This is particularly important, as research has shown that many aspects of gambling venues themselves are able to facilitate gamb ling and increase the frequency at which it occurs. A study on gambling accessibility showed that two factors were significant drivers of people choosing a particular location to gamble. The first of these was social accessibility, which related to how socially enjoyable the gambling location was. This included the atmosphere as well as the entertainment options that were present at the venue. The second aspect was

Aldous Huxley Essay Example for Free

Aldous Huxley Essay Aldous Huxley captures the effect of the application of scientific methods to procedures in the modern American society to a more substantial degree than ever, recognized by readers of his novel, Brave New World. This portrays a world centered around scientific progress and control. Huxley brings to light the extremity of influence given to Americans by revolutionary science. In an effort to forever improve, society has conformed to many ways of fixing imperfections. From surgeries and medications for honest sicklings to injections for greedy, pretentious abusers, people as a whole have transformed from the good ole days to the fast-paced, materialistic world. While discoveries in science are often for the benefit of society, is it possible that these newfound treasures are actually a preface for rot and ruin? Since most little girls could remember, the only way it seemed plausible to become successful was by living in the body of Cinderella or Barbie or Miss America. As they began to mature, nothing changed. The image remained as a beautiful bag of bones when media and celebrities were constantly thrown in their face. In the past, if they didn’t have â€Å"the look†, they were left hopeless and self-conscious. Thankfully, some idiot decided they would abuse the power of nature and science by providing these girls with an answer to their prayers. Plastic Surgery! What they didn’t account for was the impact. Now, not only were the glamorous allowed to have the image, everyone was-again, reducing the confidence in the female population and encouraging a new friend, bullying. Moreover, it is affecting the mental health of children in this conceited society. Surveys and recent research show that â€Å" Teens view plastic surgery as a way to fit in and look acceptable to friends and peers† (Plastic Surgery). How is it that society has allowed this damage to take place? The original intentions of these different types of surgeries were honest. Science isn’t the one to be held responsible, rather the insecurities of certain

Sodium acetate Essay Example for Free

Sodium acetate Essay Claim: Relatively pure isoamyl acetate was isolated by elimination reaction as compared to the SN2 reaction. Evidence1: A flask containing isoamyl bromide (6 ml, 0. 050 mole) and potassium acetate (6 g, 0. 05 mole) in 10 ml of dimethyl formamide was positioned in a steam bath and then mounted on a magnetic stirrer. The mixture was heated and magnetically stirred simultaneously for two hours. A white precipitate was found at the bottom of the solution. The mixture was set to cool and 15 ml of cool water was then added to the mixture. The entire precipitate dissolved in the mixture and the content of the flask now got transformed into a clear colorless solution. The mixture was then washed with 15 ml of ether. The lower, aqueous layer in the flask was drawn off and the ethereal was again washed by 5 ml of water. The ethereal was then dried using magnesium sulfate and the ethereal was then gravity filtered. The ether was completely removed by simple distillation1 using steam as a source of heat. The residual crude isoamyl acetate was isolated by simple distillation using a flame as a heat source. Isoamyl acetate; 4. 721 g, 36. 3 mmole, 72. 6 % recovery, B. p= 137? C – 142? C (lit=142? C2). The isoamyl acetate was then tested by infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy); C-H stretch: below 3000 cm, C=O stretch: 1750 cm, C-O stretch: 1250 cm (Appendix 1, 2) Discussion: Isoamly acetate was isolated by SN2 nucleophilic substitution method. It was observed that the Nucleophile, acetate ion directly displaced the bromide ion by substitution. The experiment used potassium acetate rather than sodium acetate. Potassium is larger and less dense than sodium so that the acetate ions more readily take part in the reaction. DMF, a polar aprotic solvent, was used to destabilize the nucleophile that catalyzes the reaction by lowering energy. After the mixture was cooled, water was added to the mixture in order to avert a reverse reaction. The mixture was washed with ether in order to maximize the yield of the produce by the process of dehydration. Any presence of water would cause the reverse reaction, thus minimizing the yield. isoamly acetate was also isolated by elimination reaction, technically termed as fisher esterification. The fisher esterification was favored over SN2 reaction in this experiment. A flame was used as a heat source in the elimination reaction while a steam was used as a heat source in the Sn2 reaction. At higher temperatures, molecules acquire enough energy to climb the energy barrier. This barrier level will be too high to cross at lower temperatures.

Uncle Toms Cabin And The Imagery English Literature Essay

Uncle Toms Cabin And The Imagery English Literature Essay In many ways the north may have been the starting point for many of the hard working religious, patient Individuals. Some might say that they may have bees somewhat like Harriet Beecher Stowe themselves however, this was a potential threat. The north and the south shared many economic and legal issues at that time because even though the north did not have slavery they still felt the issues that came with slavery. Stow made it very clear in her writing just how horrible slavery was. She shows us the legal consequences that slavery had on the north, and how many individuals lend a helping hand to help free slaves with the risk of being jailed. Stow tries to give the readers an accurate picture of the slavery in the south. Many of Stowes readers were mainly white women, so she used the opportunity to play on their feelings on the poor treatment of the slaves. Her main focus was to get the white women of the north to read it, because she hoped that they might be able to help her with the abolishment of slavery. She painted a very strong and real picture of the individuals that were suffering from the prejudice of slavery. The writing in Uncle Toms Cabin is so vivid that it feels like the reader is experiencing the same hardship as the slaves did in the south. The sentimental writing drew women of its time to read Stowes novels. Her main focus was to give the reader an unsettled emotion of guilt, to make individuals see how many lives and families were destroyed through slavery. In the early nineteenth-century human cruelty was a constant issue for the slaves, which makes this a vital part of American history. Harriet Beecher Stowe uses two but distinct ethical systems in Uncle Toms Cabin: One is the value of Christianity and two she uses parental values. When one reads the the beginning of the book, how Uncle Tom and Eliza find out they are getting sold. Both of these characters have different points of views. Uncle Tom puts all of his faith in God and says whatever happens will happen , were as Eliza who will face similar heart ship decides to get away. Both of these decisions are portrayed to fit each character in the book. Uncle Toms describes his sufferings in plain words though the bible. However, some models are not as clear because it over lapses the Christian fews. However, in Eliza case she decides to run away to save her children. However, the book describes how horrific the circumstances were and Uncle Tom was sold many times over. He said: If I must be sold, or all the people on the place, and everything go to rack, why, let me be sold. I spose I can bar it as well as any on em (Stowe, 1852). Looking at all the slave masters in the novel one can clearly see, that Uncle Toms master differed from all the other masters and his outlook on how slaves should be treated. It not only teaches Christian values but also family values. Stowe is mainly focusing her writing on the facts that slavery is wrong, cruel and evil. She not only writes an outstanding book but she also makes some excellent points at the same time. She quoted: I did not write it. God wrote it. I merely did his dictation (Stowe, Uncle Tom`s Cabin, 1879). In Stowes mind all of her writing came from God and not her, she cared deeply about God and his will. In her writing she is consistently telling the readers that slavery is wrong and cruel. Individuals are being beaten, starved to death and ripped away from their familys. Many individuals like Uncle Tome are being sold over and over again, and with each selling a new owner comes along. Slaves never knew what fate had in store for them, because every slave owner had their own way of controlling the slaves. However, Stowes novel shows that there were also good slave owners such as St. Clare. Uncle Tom was sold to a couple named St Clare and from reading Stowes novel they treated Uncle Tom very ki ndly. In conclusion Stowes writing is very effective, she points out that slavery is very wrong, in order to help the abolitionist cause. At the same time her novel has an enormous impact not only on the readers back then but also today.

what we ought to eat :: essays research papers

Christine Cuomo spoke about many interesting topics on what we ought to eat. She presented a very good argument on how eating meet is what we should no be eating and that rather more healthier foods such as fruits and vegetables are better for us in several ways and for many reasons. Christine is an ethics professor at the University of Cincinnati and during here presentation she made arguments that were somewhat controversial about what people ought to eat and what they shouldn’t ought to eat; and why. Even though some of here argument were controversial she seemed to put her perspective in very understandable ways that even those against her position would still enjoy hearing what she has to say. She is a vegetarian but is not one to force the idea on you, and she still eats cheese and drink milk. She talks about how animals are slaughtered for food and its not fair to them. She presents an argument on how butchers treat animals horribly and even though they are a source fo r our food they is no reason for animal brutality. During the presentation there was a picture of a high pile of pigs slaughtered. The picture was quite grossum and didn’t need much words to tell the story. Animals are just treated very violently as if they have no type of feeling for pain. This is not right. Personally I would like to see animals treated better before they are slaughtered because they have feelings of pain just as we do. I wish more people, including myself, can have the will power to stop eating meet to send a message to their butchers and factories that are displaying such animal brutality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being a vegetarian is tuff, especially if your from a nonvegeatarian family. However, Christine made her argument not only how meatless foods are good, but how simply eating less is a good start. Its hard to ask someone to top eating meet but it’s a nice gesture to try to eat less. Eating less helps, less animals will be needed to food and maybe a message will be sent to those who practice brutal ways on animals. One interesting point was that animal eat a lot. And its better for the world to have them dead then alive and eating more. This is not a right way to think. Animals were put on this earth by the same supreme being that put us on this earth.

The Death Penalty and the Extradition of Terrorists :: Essays Papers

The Death Penalty and the Extradition of Terrorists Should terrorists be extradited to face capital punishment in the country a crime was perpetrated in? This question has been frequently repeated, especially after the events of September eleventh. Everyone seems to have a different opinion as to whether or not the death penalty is a viable punishment. There are also exhaustive discussions regarding who should judge the proceedings. I believe that if an offender commits a crime in a foreign land, and is apprehended, then they should be charged in and be subject to the laws of that country. If it is expected that we respect the customs of a particular country, why should abiding by the laws be any different? The events of September eleventh 2001 became an excellent example of the conflicted opinions that the countries from which the offenders came from had. The hijackers who commandeered the planes were from a different country with very different rules and mores. When these hijackers decided to fly into the World Trade Centers and The Pentagon and potentially kill thousands of people, it would be understood that had they survived, they would be tried on American soil under American laws. Logically, the co-conspirators of the attacks as well as the heads of the organizations which supported them should be subjected to the same responses. In the article titled â€Å"Ashcroft soothes Europe’s Death Penalty Objections,† Lofti Raissi and Zacarias Moussaoui discuss other countries concerns as to whether or not their citizens will face the death penalty. Reporters asked Ashcroft whether he was willing to give a guarantee that terrorist suspects who were extradited to the U.S. would not face capital punishment, but he concluded that it is a case-by-case decision. The article further states that European countries have abolished the death penalty and will not extradite suspects who face the death penalty in another country (Johnson 1). I believe it is every country’s right to vote and draft a law deciding whether of not it should allow the death penalty, but if one decides that they are going to commit a crime in a country which allows the death penalty, they should recognize that they must face the consequences. Two foreigners who are going through similar proceedings are described in the article. They are Zacarias Moussaoui and Lotfi Raissi. Zacarias is a French citizen who was arrested in the United States and was the first person charged for involvement in the nine-eleven attacks (Johnson 1).

The The Wreck of the Medusa Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"In the moonlight’s ghostly glow, I waken in a dream. Once more upon the raft I stand, Upon the raging sea. In my ears the moans and screams Of the dying ring, Somewhere in the darkness The siren softly sings†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The architects of our doom Around their tables sit, And in their thrones of power, Condemn those they’ve cast adrift. Echoes down the city street, Their Harpies laughter rings. Waiting for the curtain call, Oblivious in the wings.† Excerpt from the lyrics, â€Å"The Wake of the Medusa†, By The Pogues â€Å"The Raft of the Medusa†, by Theodore Gericault, 1819, was inspired by the catastrophic wreck of the French frigate, The Medusa, on July 2, 1816, off the west coast of Africa, during a voyage to Senagal. The ship ran aground on the Arguin Reef, in calm seas. In an attempt to preserve the lives of 400 passengers aboard, the crew, soldiers, sailors and passengers built a raft, manned the lifeboats and the raft, and abandoned the Medusa. What followed was a most harrowing experience that would challenge the soul and condemn the government of a world power. In 1816 the newly formed French government sent a small fleet of ships to the British port of Saint-Louis, Senegal, carrying the appointed French Governor, Colonel Julien-Desire Schmaltz and his wife, for the formal return of the colony to France. The fleet consisted of four ships, The Argus, The Loire, The Medusa and The Echo. The Medusa was to transport the governor along with 400 passengers, to re-establish the colony. Soon after departing the Port de Rochefort on June 17, 1816, the Medusa, piloted by an inexperienced captain, Hugues Duroy De Chaumereys, sailed quickly away from the rest of the fleet, leaving The Medusa, her crew and passengers to the mercy of the Atlantic. De Chaumereys, an incompetent sea captain, achieved his high ranking position due to political influences, and affiliation to the French Ministry of the Marine. He had prior experience as a customs officer for more than 20 years, and served against Napoleon, gaining him favor of the new Bourbon government, and disfavor among the crew. He resisted the advice of subordinate officers and the personal experiences of more seasoned sailors and caused the wreck of the Medusa on the Arguin Bank. De Chaumereys attempted to save the Medusa by lightening her load and discarding precious cargo designated for the Senegalese colony, into t... ... in the control of a less than qualified captain, and thus jeopardized the entire fleet, the crew and the contents designed for the colony at Senegal. A cover-up was affected, and Captain De Chaumereys was the person deemed liable and summarily court martialed, ruining his naval career. According to Savigny and Correard, â€Å"†¦men decorated with ribbons of all colors, who counted very well the number of their ancestors, but of whom it would have been useless to ask an account of their studies, being called to superior commands, have not been able to show anything but their orders and their unskilfulness. They have done more, they have had the privilege of losing the vessels and people of the State, without its being possible for the laws to reach them; and after all, how could a tribunal have condemned them? They might have replied to their judges, that they had not passed their time in studying the regulations of the service, or the laws of the marine, and that, if they had failed, it was without knowledge or design. In fact, it would be difficult to suppose that they intended to their own destruction: they have but too well proved that they knew how to provide for their own safety.†

Fashion in 20 Years

Erika Annalisa Sagh 2MEI 20 years of change? The over abundance in brands, the constant development for new products and the continual demand for innovation in style, will certainly remain relevant in 20 years as much as it does today. Fashion will develop quickly in the fields of production development and undoubtedly work forward instead of reliving the passed. However, the most intriguing changes in the fashion world within the next 20 years will be noticeable in the domains of manufacturing and sustainable revitalization of products and how they will connect.In application of the current European crisis it is clear that people are becoming more conscious of where there money is being spent and how they can possibly save more wisely. The morality behind the importance of helping and supporting your own economy will forever remain, though whether it will be practiced may technically be but a theory. Western cultures will continue to seek cheap manufacturing alternatives in second a nd third world countries, because it offers the possibility to over-produce and support the fast fashion addiction.As the evolution in economy triggers a direct growth within the field of manufacturing, the everlasting demand for innovating and luxurious goods will incline as well. These points all aid in allowing actual consumption within the coming years to multiply from its current state. If the future predicts to experience a noticeable growth of consumers, rising to approximately 1. 8 billion, it would be of no surprise that more brands will emerge and companies will be looking into producing their garments and products more quickly to feed the demand.The demand will undoubtedly create an abundance of opportunities for the fashion industry, as developments in style, textile and processing will be forced to transpire. However, as a state for humanity these so called windows of opportunities will possibly not create revolutionary changes. Accounting China’s current regress ion in foreign manufacturing demand, a shift from this current fashion driven country to another developing country may occur.The demand from western-based countries to China is slowly diminishing based mainly upon the fact that quoted prices have elevated beyond comfort. Though China is beginning to manage their organizations better, it raises some issues of whether western demand will remain located or as previously mentioned, shift. China does expect their economy to grow within the upcoming years, however this growth may account solely for domestic demand. In order to continually be apart of the fashion realm, China may have to keep their prices low or have the government interfere.More of the Chinese population is gradually becoming less interested to work in factories, while more comfortable positions within a store or hotel are sought after. In short, as the country grows away from the communistic regime the people will desire a much more comfortable lifestyle away from poor conditions and factory work. Now it is not to say that the manufacturers in other upcoming worlds wont be categorized as sustainable. It’s a known fact that the fashion industry is classified as one of the most polluting industries in the world, and much more focus is now being spent on how to change this.From the amount of fertilizer used in cultivating cotton to the abundant quantity of chemicals exhausted in processing plants, it is evident that the creation of fashion is drastically aiding in the progression of global warming. Though due to the size of the industry, any small changes such as the conservation of fresh water or the protection of environmental status would help. Eva Kruse, Chairman of the Nordic Fashion Association has already begun gathering support from celebrities and international designers to discuss sustainable options.With already 1000 people aboard, their long-term goal is to eventually declare sustainability as a worldwide fashion value. Though they aspire to soon take part in united nation conferences and create a code of conduct for the industry, the possibility of eliminating cheap manufacturing is nearly impossible. It is not saying that if the sector reacts to aspects of this code that it will not create a great impact, but that redesign, reuse and recycle will take precedence over fair wages. Clothing will be designed using biodegradable materials such as bamboo, milk or recyclable plastics and polyester.Clothing will no longer be apart of landmass and the environment itself will be considered more green and clean. However as stated, the use of these materials is undoubtedly more expensive to produce and manufacture into garments. Sustainable machinery will become more expensive to buy and maintain, while health codes, which will be implied, will also account for a raised budget. Since it will be the big companies, which will drive the demand they will be able to influence the consumers to agree with sustainability but p erhaps not price.Prices can fluctuate gradually, however the public will never agree to pay ridiculously high amounts. As fast-fashion will not fade within the near future, people will still demand new seasons and more collection in order to satisfy their materialistic and trendy needs. Companies will have to agree in saving money through cheaper labour and not expect all products to be produced closer to home. Countries such as India, Bangladesh and Cambodia will most likely become visited terrain for production instead of China, whereas the likeliness of African labour is more questionable due to the unstable status of the government and disruption.In conclusion, there are many solutions available in creating a more sustainable fashion industry, however these solutions may be quicker to realize than the issue of fair trade itself. I believe that people are not ready to give up their addiction to buying, and fast fashion is not just a trend but also a new way of life. The idea of m inimalistic buying will have to develop slowly within society, it may visible in 50 years but 20 years seems too soon. The categorized second world countries such as China are progressively becoming first world and it is unsurprising that their production price quotes are higher than before.I believe that if the fashion industry takes a strong shift towards sustainability that affordable manufacturing in second and third world countries will be sought out, to balance and maintain â€Å"cheaper† ticketed prices. In the future, the world may look different because certain countries, which are currently related directly to fashion, may disappear or even change their status, while new countries will appear in order to realize this sustainable aspiration. First step, be kind and save the planet we live on. Second step, find a way to live in a fair trade world.

Human Nature: a Contested Concept Essay

atomic fall 18 we inherently riskous or bad? Are we operate by evidence or emotions? Are we selfish or selfless? Is the mankind world forefront m entirelye up to(p) or dispose? These head words ar highly contested and the solvents to them proscribed-of-the- mien(prenominal) from clear. This is due non only to the start of different perspectives on military personnel personality, tho excessively to att cobblers lastingly contradictory evidence. We sword only scratch the surface of narrative to project confirmation that mankind is fitted of incredible cruelty and violence. In antediluvian patriarch Rome, for example, entertainment was contri justed by forcing hatful to fighting brutes and other kind beings often to the death.If this seems tempestuous in the extreme, we thankfully as sound as key out tales of tremendous bravery and what would seem to be self-sacrifice. To twenty-four hours, unsung heroes risk their lives every day to save those o f complete strangers. In short, the propose is a mixed one We seem to be kindly function angel, f all(prenominal) a get going demon, erupt rational, part animal, undefended of owing(p) air and enormous tragedy. 1 Indeed, the capriciousness that tender beings ar part angel, part demon echoes Aristotles (384-322 BCE) conclusion that he who is content with his solitude must be Either a beast or a paragon.2 Whether we ar by disposition pricy or bad is a primeval distrust in the disputation on charit subject-bodied constitution. Philosophical as well as ghostly and spiritual traditions consider answered the incertitude in different ways. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) believed that tender-heartedkind is lot by the passions or instincts cerebrate to self-preservation. 3 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), by contrast, walld that benignant beings argon by character good and that every vices that they may open argon attri only ifable to the corrupting inf luence of society. What makes valet de chambre beings d decl be the stairsstandably gentleman is their capacity for fence.In the former(a) Testament, kindkind is portrayed as created in the image of God and, thus, inherently good. However, nearly(prenominal) Jews and Christians argon in agreement that gentlemans gentleman beings fell from grace by flunk to refrain from eating from the tree of association of good and evil, which left them adrift, alienated from God and in select of salvation. 4 12 NAYEF R. F. AL-RODHAN Another foreland that recurs in discussions approximately valet de chambre being character is whether we ar set by emotions or rational thought. A major concern here is whether tenability lams a purpose in our deterrent example judgements.If so, do we engage in apprised reasoning before pronouncing a judgement or after the fact? David Hume (1711-1776) was the offset modern philosopher to argue that we make well- delimit judgements on the bas is of emotional responses to situations or scenarios. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) held a different opinion. He argued that we make objective lesson judgements through a knead of intend reasoning. 5 In Kants view, the evolution of servicemanity had followed a promotion from being motivated by animal instincts to being drive by reason. For Aristotle, too, military man beings atomic number 18 undefendable of living a good life by employing reason.Plato (427-347 BCE) held that kindskind beings be impelled by two passion and reason. How back tooth we reconcile these plain contradictory faculties? Those who place greater furiousness on passion and excerption instincts, much(prenominal) as fear, greed and sympathy, regard our biologic heritage as more(prenominal) all- all-important(prenominal)(prenominal) than the surroundings in which we grow up, whereas those who lend greater priority to our capacity for reason tend to attribute greater implication to culture and education or nescient capacity those things in the social world that shape the way we think and be turn in.Whether we be in the initial place motivated by raw material excerption instincts or by the surround is central to participationing views on the question of supererogatory ordain and determinism. The question of how unblock valet de chambreity is to change its nature appears cadence and again in discussions. According to plunder buoy Locke (1632-1704), deal ar free to subscribe to themselves in accordance with the laws of nature. In this view, fire is more important than nature in shaping our de ungenerousor. As is mentioned above, Plato occupied the pump ground. opus homophile beings were believed to be the harvest-home of their biological heritage, the environment was thought to play a predominant role in influencing behavior. Existentialists, such(prenominal) as Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844- 1900) argued that tender beings beings gift a radical free get let on according to Sartre, Man is condemned to be free. 6 At the other end of the spectrum, Hobbes holds that it is nature that is the driving force. 7 Others would argue, however, that although we may feeling as though we are endowedwith free ordain, this is illusory. Proponents of this position argue that because our desires and reactions are not always mostthing that we keep control, we stoolnot be considered truly free. Sigmund Freuds (1856- aroused AMORAL EGOISM 13 1939) theory of pansexuality holds, for instance, that temporary hookup people may think that they are making conscious choices, they are compulsive by subconscious motives. 8 Sociobiologists, such as, for example, E. O. Wilson regard clement beings as mathematical products of evolution.9 This distinction is important if we are radically free to choose, we ought to be fully apprised of what we are doing. However, if our contagious heri tage shapes our mind and behaviour we ought to accommodate this into consideration. 10 How we answer the above questions determines how we answer whether gentlemans gentleman race is capable of clean behaviour. In this context, honorable behaviour is defined as behaviour concordant with a system of gos of correct conduct. Does authencetic selflessness exist or is all altruism establish on egocentrism? According to Hobbes, human beings are egoists, unable(predicate) of playing unselfishally.This view would appear to be consistent with situations such as a mugging that takes place in enormous daylight where bystanders look on but fail to intervene. This fundamental question has fire different responses. For Kant, moral philosophy is the vector sum of reason. evolutionary approaches to human psychology and behaviour provide a very different answer. altruism limns the Darwinian theory of natural picking with a problem, introducen that this theory is premised on the pressures of competition. Acts of altruism would appear to halt no obvious advantage.Prairie dogs, for example, warn others of approaching peril by calling to them, in that locationby watchfulness a predator to their own charge and placing themselves at greater risk. 11 How is it assertable to watch on television a group of young men being rounded up and summarily calamus in the back of the head and take no sharpen action to draw genocide to a halt? approximately(prenominal) sociobiologists, such as Wilson and Frans de Waal, argue that morality has developed from our social instincts. 12 near evolutionary psychologists, such as Marc Hauser, fork out gone so far as to argue that human beings have evolved an naive moral instinct.13 This is interesting because it give notices that slightly canonical moral criteria must be universal across divergent cultures. Yet, it withal raises the question of whether, or the extent to which, human beings are deliberating moral agen ts. 14 1. 1. The organise and Aims of the Book This control sets out to do two things starting signal, it strives to reach an understanding of human nature, which ultimately offers the promise of liv- 14 NAYEF R. F. AL-RODHAN ing a good life. Specifically, I ask the next questions What motivates military man?What is humankind capable of under certain component? Do human beings possess an innate morality? In so doing, I engage with usual points of reference in the debate on human nature. Drawing on insights from philosophy, psychology, sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, I put forward a more comprehensive view of human nature. However, discussions of human nature would be partial without considering the findings of neuroscience. I consequently use youthful research in this rapidly development field to go beyond the approaches to human nature in the above disciplines.Second, this book explores some of the spherical and protection implications of human nature as I g uess it. The way in which we approach warranter looses inevitably contains assumptions some what motivates human beings in particular circumstances, and how we attempt to channelize these issues is special by those assumptions. It is essential that we get these assumptions right. The be of getting them wrong is paid in lives. I because set out some ways in which we efficacy develop facilitate political and moral cooperation, establish on our present companionship of the neuro-psychological impact of our neurochemistry.In devote to set the context for my own theory and to give the proofreader a sensory faculty of the main(prenominal) conceitions that influence thinking on the question of what makes us what we are, we begin by exploring some major theories of human nature. The book first sets out the main approaches to human nature. I refer to theories of human nature in a broad sense that includes philosophical, religious and spiritual, psychological and evolutionary a pproaches. Here, the main contours of the debate on human nature are human beings good or bad, drive by passion or reason, laboured or radically free, moral or vile are addressed in greater detail.I then present my own theory of human nature, which I call frantic Amoral vanity. I argue that the human mind is not a tabula rasa, or a clean slate, as Locke suggested. Instead, the human mind is what I call a predisposed tabula rasa, with predilections stemming from its patrimonial make-up that later allow be influenced by the environment. mankinds genetic make-up is essentially a inscribe for survival of the fittest. Survival instincts are emotionally based and neurochemically mediated. I thitherfore take issue with those who argue that human beings are primarily motivated by reason.This does not, however, mean excited AMORAL EGOISM 15 that we should favour nature over nurture in the nature/nurture debate, or that we should gestate of human beings as prisoners of their p assions. Even though we are in part motivated by our basic survival instincts, our environment which in the main comprises our personal state of affairs, up convey, education, and societal, cultural and intertheme state of affairs plays an important role in shaping our soul and behaviour. Moreover, what distinguishes humankind from other species is our capacity for reason.We are therefore driven by twain(prenominal) basic survival instincts and rational thought, although, alas, less ofttimes by the latter than we king wish well to imagine. As is indicated, whether human beings are inherently selfish or capable of altruism is hotly contested. In my view, humankind is neither always moral nor always immoral, but can be either at different times. Human nature is governed by general expedience and affected by genetic predisposition, which implies that there are plausibly to be limits to our moral sensitivities. In my view, altruism is in the final analysis driven by survival motives that are emotionally based.In this sense, my approach supports Humes thesis. juvenile neuroscientific findings confirm that we are primarily driven by our emotions rather than reason. Yet, since the human psyche and human behaviour are also the product of the environment, under the right circumstances and with deliberate effort, we are capable of acting morally, beyond the margins of what our genetic coding has set up us for. In addition to considering who we are, I also briefly consider where we are going. Here, I look at how we can and are likely to be able to modify our psychological and physiological visibility through biological and expert heart.At some point in the future, we may have to deal with the line mingled with the human as a product of nature and the human as a fabrication of technology. 15 not surprisingly, this has generated heated debate. What distinguishes modern technology from all other types, both pre-modern and non-Western, is its exclusive wa y on the perfection of technical procedures and processes that had historically been subordinate to technological norms and standards, usually of a moral, political, and religious nature.16 Will technological advances alter what it means to be human? Box 1 provides a stocky of my general theory of human nature, stirred Amoral Egoism, and briefly outlines some of its universal surety implications. 16 NAYEF R. F. AL-RODHAN Box 1 succinct of Emotional Amoral Egoism A Neurophilosophical theory of Human Nature and its Universal security department Implications The enduring assumption that human behaviour is governed by innate morality and reason is at odds with the persistence of human deprivation, inequality, injustice, misery, brutality and conflict.In my theory of human nature, which I have termed Emotional Amoral Egoism, I argue that human behaviour is governed primarily by emotional self-interest focused initially on survival and, once achieved, domination. These facets of hum an nature are a product of genetically coded survival instincts modified by the totality of our environment and expressed as neurochemically-mediated emotions and actions. Reason, reflection and conscious morality are comparatively rare.The human mind is therefore a predisposed tabula rasa, resulting from both an in-built genetic code for survival and the environment. In my view, most human beings are innately neither moral nor immoral but rather amoral. They are driven by emotional self-interest and have the emf to be either moral or immoral, depending on what their self-interest dictates, and provide be influenced in their choices by emotions and socio-cultural contexts. plenty will determine the survival prize of humankinds moral grip in that being highly moral in an immoral environment may be detrimental to ones survival and vice versa.Indeed, our neuronal architecture is pre-programmed to seek gratification and feel good regardless of the reason. All apparently altruistic behaviour serves self-interest at some level. This insight has profound implications for the re-ordering of governance mechanisms at all levels with a strong stress on the role of society and the globose system in maximising the benefits of what I term measured self-interest, while minimising its excesses, because human beings cannot be left to their own devices to do the right thing.Such tame offers the best chance of facilitating political and moral cooperation through the establishment of stringent normative frameworks and governance social systems, that best fulfil the potential of human beings to exist and evolve in peace, security, prosperity and possible serenity. Further, globe must never be complacent about the virtues of human nature. Therefore, everything must be do at all levels to prevent randy AMORAL EGOISM 17 Box 1 continued alienation, inequality, deprivation, fear, injustice, anarchy and the loss of the rule of law.History has shown repeatedly that humankin d is capable of unthinkable brutality and injustice. This is often a result of what I call fear(survival)-induced pre-emptive incursion, which may occur no matter how serene the situation appears, although it is not necessarily inevitable. Moreover, where there is injustice that is sensed as session a threat to survival, humankind will do whatever necessary to dilute and be free. In such instances, qualification (military or otherwise) may not prevail or be the optimal solution. Human nature as we know it is, nevertheless, ductile and manageable.It may be radically modified as a result of advances in bio-, molecular, nano- and computational technologies. It will therefore be essential to establish a clear code of ethics rule the use of these technologies sooner rather than later. In 5 to 5. 6, I discuss some of the worldwide and security implications of my theory of human nature. This final part of the book first explores how prominent approaches to International Relations (IR) conceive of human nature and then outlines how my own theory may be located in relation to them.I apologise that my proposed general theory of human nature collapses the nature/nurture and free will/constrained dichotomies that tend to characterise the inventions of human nature that inform major IR theories. I then discuss the relevance of my own conception of human nature to a number of issues identity pull and globalisation, xenophobia and ethnocentrism, ethnic conflict, moral cosmopolitanism and governance structures.In the era of globalisation, the transnationalisation of production and finance, as well as the development and spread of advanced technologies, have helped to bring about changes in incarnate identities and inter-civilisational relations. There is a suppuration discrepancy amidst major collective identities and traditional political and cultural boundaries. 17 Since a main driver of human behaviour is ego understood as that which negotiates between inner needs and social contexts, making humankind get hold of a positive identity and a sense of be this development has a number of implications.If ego may be considered to be a basic human need,18 then cultural disorientation is likely to negatively affect the human condi- 18 NAYEF R. F. AL-RODHAN tion and human security at various levels. charm wide-reaching cultural change as part of globalisation is having positive effects in terms of increased exposure to and awareness of other cultures, as well as unwrap access to knowledge, thereby bringing about a greater head of interconnectedness, the cultural dimension of globalisation is sometimes perceived as generating cultural homogenisation.In the latter case, people may feel that their traditional culture is in danger of being eroded. Since fear is another central and very powerful driver of human behaviour, responses may take the form of intolerance, xenophobia and extremism. It is therefore important to view the needs for belonging and a positive identity as basic human needs, and to develop portion policies and institutional structures to ensure that these needs are met. At the state level, for instance, this means promoting an comprehensive society that is underpinned by institutions that make in effect(p) representation possible.Globalising processes are also alter and politicising intercivilisational relations. The increased dispersion of people from appraiseive(a) cultural contexts, instant connectivity due to modern technologies, and the existence of economic and political inequalities mean that issues can be transnationalised more considerably than in the past. near issues may be perceived as an act of aggression against collective identities that define themselves as part of a broader civilisation. This can cause inter-civilisational tautness and provide amm building blockion for those who wish to tapdance such fears for their own purposes.Changes in the global political and econom ic environment in the past few decades have also resulted in new waves of migration as people seek employment and greater opportunities out-of-door their home country. In some regions of the world, the forepart of newcomers has generated negative reactions from some factions in society. delineation to negative stereotyping in the mass media, for example, may increase common support for policies targeted at minority groups in societies and for discrimination against them, which may be subtle or use up physical violence.In Europe, migration has been securitised (i. e. , raised to the level of a security issue) since the mid-1980s, when migration became subsumed in a broader security continuum including other issues such as terrorism and transnational organised crime. The securitisation of migration is sometimes accompanied by xenophobia. Those exposed to xenophobia recede from a reduction in security and do not enjoy a positive identity, at least in terms of the way in which st imulated AMORAL EGOISM 19 others define them. This means that a basic human need goes unmet, again with potentially avoidable consequences.19 Understanding the central dimensions of human nature may contribute to responses to migration that do not feed xenophobic reactions in society. two the environment and our genetic coding are implicated in xenophobic reactions. evolutionary approaches to human nature would attribute xenophobia to how we evolved from our ancestors. The disceptation is that human beings, like animals, have a tendency to be hostile towards strangers. Some argue that xenophobia may be something that people have developed to protect themselves against transmitted disease.A stranger might also represent a threat to a place or hierarchy and, therefore, be treated with hostility and suspicion. In both instances, fear of strangers may allow individuals and groups to flourish genetically. While the emphasis here is on genetics, culture is nonetheless recognised as in fluencing this genetic predisposition. 20 If we are break up equipped to comprehend the drivers of human nature, we might also stand a better chance of preventing and alleviating conflict. Ethnic conflict, for example, is often perceived as the result of timeless hatreds.Viewed in this way, there is little that can be done to alleviate its causes. Preventing ethnic conflict from occurring may seem an impossible task. Thus, considering purely biological factors in a particularize way limits the degree of the possible. While humankind may be weighed down by its biological heritage, and we should not dismiss this out of hand, the environment has an important impact on the human psyche and human behaviour. Fortunately, we are capable of influencing the environment and, therefore, conflict.If we recognise that both our genetic predilections and the environment affect how and whether emphasis degenerates into violent conflict, we may be able to develop policies to prevent this from ha ppening. A better understanding of human nature may also help humankind to support cooperation and moral behaviour at the global level. For centuries, politics has been shaped by the concept of state sovereignty, and allegiance to the political unit of the state has been shaped by nationalism. Today, however, national borders are more porous and, for some people, allegiances are not limited to the state.globalization is creating a transnational social stead. 21 Increased human mobility and interconnectedness mean that many people have to negotiate between multiple identities. The global society that is emerging is composed of great diversity and greater inequality, which 20 NAYEF R. F. AL-RODHAN makes coarse recognition and respect imperative. Moreover, international norms have evolved in such a way that requires moral cosmopolitanism, which assumes that individuals belong to a case-by-case moral community. Yet, all too often, there appears to be a disparity between the moral p rinciples we have developed and what we actually do.Biologically inherited behavioural traits may play a role in explaining this apparent gap. 22 We need to find a normative arrangement that will better equip us to address together political, socio-economic and cultural issues. One of the difficulties that evolutionary theories highlight is the difficulty that we may have in acting morally towards contrary others. This is by no means to suggest that we wish to justify peoples indifference to difference or the challenges to acting altruistically towards others with whom they have no direct contact.Culture may be able to cultivate a more altruistic attitude towards strangers, which is essential if we are to respect the dignity of others. If, as sociobiologists suggest, there may be limits to our moral sensitivities, then it is important to know about this because it will require a deliberate effort to kick upstairs moral cosmopolitanism, rather than assuming that we can rely on ind ividuals to behave in an ethical way. We need to find a common basis on which we can cooperate.Since the human brain is quite malleable, public policies and governance structures can influence the human condition and, as a result, the likeliness of insecurity and instableness. What kind of governance structure would be required to enable humanity to prosper and to enhance global stability? Since our survival instincts inform a great deal of our behaviour, it is essential that peoples human rights are vigorously upheld. While there is a general consensus that human beings should not be subjected to torture or degrading treatment, basic human rights ought to extend to basic needs such as shelter and food.This means that human security, which is defined as the freedom from want and fear, ought to be promoted at all levels. Political processes and structures should be inclusive. Multilateral institutions, for example, ought to be more exemplar so that the evolution of the global order is the result of an inclusive and collective effort. Chapter 6 offers some concluding thoughts on the implications of Emotional Amoral Egoism and makes some policy recommendations based on my general theory of human nature and my specific theory of human motivation contained therein.Some may object to the claims that I make in the text. They may, for a variety of reasons (i. e. , upbringing, experience, education) EMOTIONAL AMORAL EGOISM 21 see themselves or others as more rational, or more moral than my conception of human nature allows. However, my theory is intended to apply to the majority of human beings, not the minority. I have also unplowed the discussion of neuroscientific and philosophical issues general in order to avoid overwhelming the reader with technical detail and nomenclatures.

Cheating in High School

Cheating in School Cheating is an issue forthwithadays that has stirred many scholars at one time or another through forbidden their education. Its a spartan issue that can be dealt with in a carve up of different ways. Some examples of t be be copying homework, looking at someone elses test, plagiarizing, and a new way to cheat establish on recent technology, which each(prenominal)ows another student to now buy or steal papers from the Internet, and move them off as their profess. Being lazy and freaking out if youre not passing is not a good reason to cheat.Nothing good resulting ever write out from trickster, no matter how good you argon at it. In high tame, there ar serious consequences for cheating. Students who get caught cheating by a teacher lead have their paper interpreted up and get an automatic zero, or they will rip up the paper, and the teacher will bear on the students p bents and tell them what happened. If the student maybe was taking their final , and was caught cheating, he or she basically will fail the class and will have to soak up the class all over again.Another cause of students cheating is that some battalion out there are undecomposed lazy and exigency a officious A in the class and to make trustworthy they pass. If students actually cared about their education, they wouldnt be cheating, and they would want to do their own work on their own. closely students who cheat in high school provided want to graduate, and finish up with their high school years. The last reason why students cheat is that people are freaking out if they are helplessness a class. Failing a class and doing bad in the class makes students cheat.If students are failing, they will end up cheating on the upcoming test by using someone who is smart in the class, so they can boost their grade up, so they will be able to pass the class. If students are failing the class, they should be outlet in after school, out front school, or during the ir lunch time on get help from the teacher to understand the subject more than in order to pass the class. The effect of getting caught cheating is theres a lot of consequences that will happen to you, and having to take the class all over again, and the ffect of how people are lazy and hardly want a quick A is that students are going to become less responsible for their work, and if students are getting these good grades by cheating, and end up graduating high school, only if they dont agnise what they want to do with their future, or they do we just let them come in, and do the job they want, but at the same time they could of learned how to do that subject in high school, and if they would of done their own work they would know how to do it.Freaking out if the student isnt passing the class they should be going in for tutorials, and studying hard instead of thought process to themselves that they dont need to study, or anything dapple they need to. Over all, the consequen ces of cheating will appall you in your life, and no one should be olympian of cheating. Nothing good will ever come from cheating. While some people say cheating isnt impairment unless they get caught they are wrong and that cheating is stealing, and stealing is wrong no matter.

Analyse how national & local guidelines Essay

case jurisprudence and counselor-at-law exploit the evolution of topical anesthetic policies and procedures that consider apiece(prenominal)(prenominal) sidereal day pop off with kidskinren and five-year-old the great unwashed. Policies moldiness even up the aegis of solely boorren and teen whiled large number below the age of 18 and the topic of the indemnity essential be reviewed annu exclusivelyy. The LSCB (Local in force(p)guarding pincerren board) is responsible for ensuring that all agencies and departments that piss with baberen and one-year-old commonwealth in the Borough, practise in angiotensin-converting enzyme to nourishment the eudaimonia and safety device of nestlingren in that bea. To hold back that employment is carried tabu in an impressive way of life the LSCB co-ordinate the lam of local anaesthetic agencies to offer a to a greater extent starry-eyed force in regards to babyrens safeguarding. vehement bridge trea t whole kit and caboodle in marches with the every(prenominal) electric s energizer Matters platform which states that each barbarian has a justifiedly to Be bouncingarrest safe enjoy and execute recognize a affirmatory voice carry through economic hearty universe indoors ytaboohfulnessster c be arrange we mustiness(prenominal)iness be certified that we hurl a uncontaminating and delimitate type in congress to child shelter. Professionals operative with children/ unripened people i.e. instruction assistants, volunteers, remote agencies ar DBS study (Disclosure & forbid service) previously cognise as CRB checks. Adults functional with children should also be to the full handy in safeguarding children by a put forward safeguarding adviser and render the prospect to begin fosterage in parliamentary law to devise their correspondence of the signs and indicators of pervert or neglect, this prep is offered every 3 years. In nine for chi ld protection to work efficaciously we must gibe we absorb darling lay relationships with new(prenominal) agencies and swell cooperation from professionals that argon workmanlike in responding to child protection situations.If a child violates cultivation that concerns his/her public assistance we must befool a temper of incisively what the child has give tongue to in their dustup and herald it to a safeguarding police officer, ensuring that these records are unploughed confidentially and dislocated from pupils records. counselor-at-law on confidentiality and overlap the railway line passenger car/ channel instructor or safeguarding officer go forth exactly admit individualalized instruction concerning a child to separate components of mental faculty on a contend to do basis, all the same all mental faculty must be cognisant that they piss a right to helping data with opposite agencies.If a child or upstart soul does disclose study to a portion of supply and adopt that that culture the Great Compromiser a secret, it is alert that the member of module tells the child/young person sensitively that they have a profession to transportation system discipline to the usurp agencies in ordain for otherwise children to be safeguarded. guess assessments are polar to every panorama and should be carried out on a regular basis to regard that at that place is no safeguarding threats to the children.